Selbstkontrolle - Einflüsse von Kultur und Religion


Die Fähigkeit, kurzfristigen Belohnungen zugunsten zukünftiger Errungenschaften zu entsagen, kann in vielen Situationen von großem Vorteil sein. Umso wichtiger ist die Frage, ob es sich hierbei um eine angeborene oder erlernte Eigenschaft handelt.
Auch wenn der Einfluss der Gene (z.B. Anokhin et al. 2011) nicht von der Hand zu weisen ist, so liefern insbesondere kulturvergleichende Untersuchungen (z.B Ost vs. West) Hinweise auf die Bedeutung der Umwelt.
Zugespitzt: Kann schon allein der Gedanke an Amerika ungeduldiger machen (Chen et al. 2011)?
Und: Sind Katholiken ungeduldiger als Calvinisten (Paglieri et al. 2013)?



Keywords:
Delay of Gratification - Selbstdisziplin - Marshmallow Experimente - ADS - Drogenmissbrauch - Alkoholabhängigkeit - Kultur - Amerika - Korea - Konfuzius - Geduld - Zeit ist Geld - Präfrontaler Cortex - Ventrales Striatum - Priming - Singapur - Religion - Delay Discounting - Calvinismus - Katholizismus

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Belohnungsaufschub_Religion_KulturBesprochene Studien:




Text_Link Kim, B., Sung, Y. S., & McClure, S. (2012). The neural basis of cultural differences in delay discounting. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367, 650–656.

- Kulturvergleich: West (14 Amerikanische Studenten) vs. Ost (19 Koreanische Studenten)
- Belohnungsaufschub: z.B. 17,11 Dollar jetzt vs. 25,66 Dollar in zwei Wochen


Ergebnisse:
- Amerikaner hatten eine deutlich höhere "discount rate", d.h. sie entschieden sich viel häufiger für die sofortige Belohnung
- beteiligte Hirnregion: ventrales Striatum

Kritik: sehr geringe Stichprobe




Text_Link Chen, H., Ng, S. & Rao, A. R. (2011). Cultural differences in consumer impatience. J. Mark. Res. 42, 291– 301. (doi:10.1509/jmkr.2005.42.3.291)

- 2 Priming-Experimente:
  > insgesamt 309 Versuchspersonen (Studenten aus Singapur)
 
Experiment 1 (N = 149): 
- Priming durch kulturtypische Bilder
     a) U.S. Priming: Mickey Mouse, U.S.-Flagge, Marylin Monroe, Freiheitsstatue...
     b) Singapur Priming: Nationalflagge, Singapur Airlines...
- danach: Buchkauf im Online-Shop; Standard-Versand: 2,99$; 
    => Wieviel würdest du für eine Eillieferung zahlen?



---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Experiment 2 (N = 160):
- Priming durch kulturtypische Bilder (aber weniger "Konsumbilder")
     a) U.S. Priming: Lincoln Memorial, U.S.-Flagge, Marylin Monroe, Freiheitsstatue...
     b) Singapur Priming: Nationalflagge, Singapur Airlines...
- danach: Buchkauf im Online-Shop; Wie ungeduldig sind die Versuchspersonen? (Beispielitem: "Right now, I would like to get a copy of the novel as quickly as possible.")





Text_Link  Paglieri F, Borghi AM, Colzato LS, Hommel B, Scorolli C. (2013). Heaven can wait. How religion modulates temporal discounting. Psychol Res. 2013 Nov;77(6):738-47. doi: 10.1007/s00426-012-0473-5. Epub 2013 Jan 24.

- Versuchspersonen: 89 Holländische Studenten (Calvinisten/Atheisten) und 90 italienische Studenten (Katholiken/Atheisten)
- 48 Gedankenspiele: z.B. "Würdest du lieber 25$ sofort haben oder 25 Tage warten um 30$ zu erhalten?


 




Zum Nachlesen und Vertiefen:

 




Schlaf und Intelligenz_Gedächtnis

mp3- Links:

Download_Audio_mp3  Episode 57: Die berühmten Marshmallow-Experimente (Walter Mischel)


Video- Links:

Video_Filmstreifen Mature Marshmallow-Test (fun)


 

 

 

 

Schlaf und Intelligenz_GedächtnisLiteratur:

Text_Link Anokhin AP, Golosheykin S, Grant JD, Heath AC (2011 Mar). Heritability of delay discounting in adolescence: a longitudinal twin study. Behav Genet. 41(2): 175-83.

Text_Link Chen, H., Ng, S. & Rao, A. R. (2011). Cultural differences in consumer impatience. J. Mark. Res. 42, 291– 301. (doi:10.1509/jmkr.2005.42.3.291)

Colzato, L. S., van den Wildenberg, W., & Hommel, B. (2008). Losing the big picture: how religion controls visual attention. PLoS ONE, 3(11), e3679. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003679.

Text_Link Curry, O., Price, M. E., & Price, J. G. (2008). Patience is a virtue: cooperative people have lower discount rates.Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 780–785.

Text_Link Du, W., Green, L. & Myerson, J. 2002 Cross-cultural comparisons of discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards.Psychol. Rec.52, 479–492.

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Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. (1988). The Confucius connection: from cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), 4–18.

Hommel, B., & Colzato, L. S. (2010). Religion as a control guide: on the impact of religion on cognition. Zygon. Journal of Religion & Science, 45, 596–604.

Text_Link Hommel, B., Colzato, L., Scorolli, C., Borghi, A. M., & van den Wildenberg, W. P. M. (2011). Action control and religion: faithspecific modulation of the Simon effect but not stop-signal performance.Cognition, 120, 177–185.

Text_Link Inzlicht, M., McGregor, I., Hirsh, J., & Nash, K. (2009). Neural markers of religious conviction. Psychological Science, 20,385–392.

Text_Link Ito, M., Saeki, D., & Green, L. (2011). Sharing, discounting and
selfishness: a Japanese–American comparison. The Psychological Record, 60, 59–76.

Text_Link Johnson, M. W., & Bickel, W. K. (2002). Within-subject comparison of real and hypothetical money rewards in delay discounting. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 77, 129–146.

Text_Link Jones, B., & Rachlin, H. (2006). Social discounting. Psychological Science, 17, 283–286.


Text_Link Kacen, J., & Lee, J. (2002). The influence of culture on consumer impulsive buying behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology,12(2), 163–176.

Kashima, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Kim, U., Choi, S.-C., Gelfand, M.-J. & Yuki, M. 1995 Culture, gender, and self: a perspective from individualism-collectivism research. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69, 925– 937. (doi:10. 1037/0022-3514.69.5.925)

Text_Link Kim, B., Sung, Y. S., & McClure, S. (2012). The neural basis of cultural differences in delay discounting. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367, 650–656.

Kim, B., Liatsis, A., Ballard, I. C., Cohen, J. D. & McClure, S. M. In press. The magnitude effect in intertemporal choice results from increased self-control. Psychol. Sci.

Kirby, K. (1997). Bidding on the future: evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 126, 54–70.

Kirby, K. (2009). One-year temporal stability of delay-discount rates. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 457–462.

Kirby, K., & Petry, N. (2004). Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or nondrug-using controls. Addiction, 99, 461–471.

Lagorio, C. H., & Madden, G. J. (2005). Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards III: steady-state assessments, forced-choice trials, and all real rewards. Behavioral Processes, 69, 173–187.

Madden, G. J., Begotka, A. M., Raiff, B. R., & Kastern, L. L. (2003). Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 139–145.

Text_Link Mahajna, A., Ben-Zion, U., Bogaire, R., & Shavit, T. (2007). Subjective discount rates among Israeli Arabs and Israeli Jews. Working Papers 07–10, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Economics.

Masuda, T., & Nisbett, R. (2001). Attending holistically vs. analytically: comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81,
922–934.

McCullough, M., & Willoughby, B. (2009). Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: associations, explanations, and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 69–93.

Text_Link McKay, R., Efferson, C., Whitehouse, H., & Fehr, E. (2010). Wrath of God: religious primes and punishment. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 1858–1863.

Text_Link Nisbett, R., & Masuda, T. (2003). Culture and point of view. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 11163–11170.

Nisbett, R., & Miyamoto, Y. (2005). The influence of culture: holistic versus analytic perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 467–473.

Text_Link Paglieri F, Borghi AM, Colzato LS, Hommel B, Scorolli C. (2013). Heaven can wait. How religion modulates temporal discounting. Psychol Res. 2013 Nov;77(6):738-47. doi: 10.1007/s00426-012-0473-5. Epub 2013 Jan 24.

Petry, N. (2001). Pathological gamblers, with and without substance abuse disorders, discount delayed rewards at high rates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 482–487.

Rachlin, H. (2000).The science of self-control. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Rachlin, H., & Jones, B. (2008). Social discounting and delay discounting. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21, 29–43.

Rosati, A. G., Stevens, J. R., Hare, B., & Hauser, M. D. (2007). The evolutionary origins of human patience: temporal preferences in chimpanzees, bonobos, and human adults.Current Biology, 17, 1663–1668.

Tan, C., & Johnson, R. (1996). To wait or not to wait: the influence of culture on discounting behavior. In W. Loke (Ed.),Perspectives on judgment and decision making (pp. 297–305). Maryland: Scarecrow Press.

Tarakeshwar, N., Stanton, J., & Pargament, K. (2003). Religion: an overlooked dimension in cross-cultural psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 377–394.

Tsukayama, T., & Duckworth, A. L. (2010). Domain-specific temporal discounting and temptation. Judgment and Decision Making, 5, 72–82.

Weber, M. (1958/2003).The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. Zauberman, G., Kim, B., Malkoc, S., & Bettman, J. (2009).

Learning Psychology

 
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